To be involved in somatosensory information processing during voluntary movements, we hypothesized that gating would be induced in P22, N30, P40 in F3 and P25, N33, P45 in C3′ and P3 during the BR task in this study. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that the P45 component at the C3′ and P3 electrodes is significantly reduced in subjects with good motor skills compared with those who perform poorly (Akaiwa et al., 2022b). In the present study, we also hypothesized that gating in P45 at C3′ and P3 would be stronger (i.e., the amplitude would decrease) after repetitive practice.
Materials and methods Participants The minimum sample size for the present study was determined using G*power software from partial η-squared that was determined by Spain phone number list the previous study (Tennant et al., 2021). The effect size was fixed to 0.35. This analysis revealed a minimum sample size of 15. We recruited 15 healthy young adults [age (mean ± standard deviation): 22.6 ± 2.2 years; 8 males, 7 females], all of whom provided written informed consent. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Sapporo Medical University and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Stimulation Electrical stimuli were applied to the right median nerve at the right.
Stimulus intensity was adjusted to a motor threshold (Wasaka et al., 2017). The median nerve stimulation intensity was 3.75 ± 0.67 mA (Mean ± SD). Stimuli were randomly presented at 1–3 Hz. The participants were asked to concentrate on the dexterity movement and were instructed not to pay any attention to the electrical stimuli. Task They performed the ball rotation task (BR task) using the right fingers. The BR task involved rotating two wooden balls counterclockwise in the palm of the right hand as quickly as possible (Kawashima et al., 1998; Naito et al., 2020). The duration of each set was 1 min. The participants performed 12 sets of BR tasks. Stimulus intensity and location were checked before and after recording throughout the experiment to ensure that there was no stimulus displacement.